Urbanization is one of the most important shifts that the African continent will undergo this century. As Africa consolidates its efforts to accelerate structural transformation, it faces mounting challenges, along with new opportunities brought about by rapid urban growth. The way in which African countries manage the process of urbanization individually and collectively will be a determining factor in whether the continent achieves structural transformation for sustainable growth and inclusive development. Improving the connectivity of cities and human settlements at multiple scales, including urban-rural links and regional integration, presents major opportunities for leveraging Africa’s changing economic geography to bring about inclusive, productive and diversified economic growth.