This study analyses the role of science, technology and innovation in enhancing industrial competitiveness and economic transformation among micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises in Southern Africa. It highlights key barriers, including limited access to finance, energy, markets and technology, as well as weak innovation ecosystems. Drawing on country case studies, the report identifies opportunities for digital transformation, renewable energy adoption and regional integration. It proposes policy measures to strengthen innovation systems, support technology transfer and promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth.